In the journal Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, an essay by R. Duane Ireland, Laszlo Tihanyi, and Justin W. Webb examines the continuing challenges of developing an entrepreneurial culture in Central and Eastern Europe. Here is the abstract:

“Following the collapse of socialism in the late 1980s, Central and Eastern European countries initiated attempts to adopt capitalist economic frameworks and promote entrepreneurship. However, persistent economic difficulties and high levels of unemployment have led to dissatisfaction with political parties favoring capitalism. We integrate identity, institutional, and social movement theories to describe the emergence of four competing social movements (capitalist democracy, socialist command, social democracy, and populist command) that are undertaken to pursue politico-economic reforms. We discuss the implications for developing an entrepreneurial culture in Central and Eastern Europe.”